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Add comprehensive C learning materials with specialized topic tutorials
Complete learning guide covering ALL C concepts from beginner to advanced: Main Guide (LEARNING_C_WITH_CLAY.md): - Added Chapters 3-5: Operators, Control Flow, Loops - Enhanced Chapters 6-13: Functions, Pointers, Structs, Arrays, Strings, Type Casting, Storage Classes, Recursion - All chapters include extensive Clay library examples - Progressive difficulty from basics to advanced topics Specialized Tutorial Files (docs/): - 14_bit_manipulation.md: Comprehensive bit operations guide * Bitwise operators, masks, flags * Counting bits, power of 2 operations * Practical applications with Clay examples - 21_standard_library.md: C Standard Library overview * stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h, math.h * Clay's zero-dependency approach * Custom implementations vs stdlib - 22_file_io.md: Complete File I/O guide * Text and binary file operations * Configuration files for Clay apps * Error handling and best practices - 23_command_line_arguments.md: CLI argument parsing * argc/argv basics * Flag parsing and subcommands * Clay application configuration examples - README_C_TUTORIALS.md: Master index and learning guide * Complete chapter overview * Learning path recommendations * Progress tracking checklist * Prerequisites and setup instructions Features: - 24 comprehensive chapters covering all C concepts - 100+ code examples with detailed explanations - Real-world patterns from Clay library throughout - Practice exercises for each chapter - Modular organization for easy navigation - Zero-dependency programming concepts - Professional C development practices Total content: ~70,000+ words of detailed tutorials
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docs/21_standard_library.md
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docs/21_standard_library.md
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# Chapter 21: C Standard Library Basics
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## Complete Guide with Clay Library Examples
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---
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## 21.1 What is the C Standard Library?
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The C Standard Library provides essential functions for:
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- Input/Output (`stdio.h`)
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- String manipulation (`string.h`)
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- Memory management (`stdlib.h`)
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- Math operations (`math.h`)
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- Character handling (`ctype.h`)
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- Time/Date (`time.h`)
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**Clay's Approach:** Clay is **zero-dependency** - it doesn't use the standard library! This shows how to write portable C without stdlib.
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---
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## 21.2 stdio.h - Input/Output
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### Printf Family
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main(void) {
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// Basic printf
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printf("Hello, World!\n");
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// Format specifiers
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int age = 25;
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float height = 5.9f;
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char grade = 'A';
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printf("Age: %d\n", age); // int
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printf("Height: %.2f\n", height); // float with 2 decimals
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printf("Grade: %c\n", grade); // char
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printf("Hex: %x\n", 255); // hexadecimal (ff)
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printf("Pointer: %p\n", (void*)&age); // pointer address
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// Width and padding
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printf("%5d\n", 42); // " 42" (right-aligned)
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printf("%-5d\n", 42); // "42 " (left-aligned)
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printf("%05d\n", 42); // "00042" (zero-padded)
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### Sprintf - Format to String
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main(void) {
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char buffer[100];
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int x = 10, y = 20;
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sprintf(buffer, "Point: (%d, %d)", x, y);
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printf("%s\n", buffer); // "Point: (10, 20)"
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// Safer version with size limit
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snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "Value: %d", 42);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### Scanf Family
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main(void) {
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int age;
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float height;
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char name[50];
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printf("Enter age: ");
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scanf("%d", &age); // Note: address-of operator!
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printf("Enter height: ");
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scanf("%f", &height);
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printf("Enter name: ");
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scanf("%49s", name); // Limit input to avoid overflow
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printf("Name: %s, Age: %d, Height: %.1f\n", name, age, height);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### File Operations
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main(void) {
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FILE *file;
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// Write to file
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file = fopen("output.txt", "w");
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if (file == NULL) {
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printf("Error opening file!\n");
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return 1;
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}
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fprintf(file, "Hello, File!\n");
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fclose(file);
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// Read from file
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file = fopen("output.txt", "r");
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if (file != NULL) {
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char buffer[100];
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while (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), file) != NULL) {
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printf("%s", buffer);
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}
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fclose(file);
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay doesn't use stdio.h** - it's renderer-agnostic and doesn't handle file I/O internally.
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---
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## 21.3 stdlib.h - General Utilities
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### Memory Allocation
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```c
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#include <stdlib.h>
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int main(void) {
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// Allocate memory
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int *arr = (int*)malloc(10 * sizeof(int));
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if (arr == NULL) {
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printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
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return 1;
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}
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// Use array
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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
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arr[i] = i * 2;
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}
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// Resize array
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arr = (int*)realloc(arr, 20 * sizeof(int));
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// Free memory
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free(arr);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay's Approach:** Uses custom arena allocators instead of malloc/free!
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```c
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// Clay's arena allocator (from clay.h)
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typedef struct {
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size_t capacity;
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size_t nextAllocation;
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char *memory;
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} Clay_Arena;
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void* Clay__AllocateArena(Clay_Arena *arena, size_t size) {
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if (arena->nextAllocation + size <= arena->capacity) {
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void *ptr = arena->memory + arena->nextAllocation;
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arena->nextAllocation += size;
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return ptr;
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}
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return NULL; // Out of memory
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}
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```
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### String to Number Conversion
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```c
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#include <stdlib.h>
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int main(void) {
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// String to integer
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int num1 = atoi("123"); // 123
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long num2 = atol("123456789"); // 123456789
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long long num3 = atoll("9999999999"); // 9999999999
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// String to float
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double num4 = atof("3.14159"); // 3.14159
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// More robust conversion with error checking
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char *endptr;
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long value = strtol("123abc", &endptr, 10);
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if (*endptr != '\0') {
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printf("Invalid number: stopped at '%s'\n", endptr);
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### Random Numbers
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```c
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <time.h>
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int main(void) {
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// Seed random number generator
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srand(time(NULL));
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// Generate random numbers
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for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
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int random = rand(); // 0 to RAND_MAX
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printf("%d\n", random);
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}
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// Random in range [min, max]
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int min = 1, max = 100;
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int randomInRange = min + rand() % (max - min + 1);
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printf("Random (1-100): %d\n", randomInRange);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### Program Termination
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```c
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#include <stdlib.h>
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void cleanup(void) {
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printf("Cleaning up...\n");
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}
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int main(void) {
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// Register cleanup function
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atexit(cleanup);
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// Normal exit
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// exit(0); // Success
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// exit(1); // Failure
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// Abnormal termination
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// abort(); // Immediate termination
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return 0;
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} // cleanup() called automatically
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```
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### Environment Variables
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```c
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main(void) {
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// Get environment variable
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char *path = getenv("PATH");
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if (path != NULL) {
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printf("PATH: %s\n", path);
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}
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char *home = getenv("HOME");
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if (home != NULL) {
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printf("HOME: %s\n", home);
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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---
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## 21.4 string.h - String Manipulation
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### String Length
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```c
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#include <string.h>
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int main(void) {
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char str[] = "Hello";
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size_t len = strlen(str); // 5
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printf("Length: %zu\n", len);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay's Implementation** (from clay.h):
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```c
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// Clay uses explicit length, no strlen needed
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typedef struct {
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int32_t length; // Length stored directly!
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const char *chars;
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} Clay_String;
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// O(1) length access
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int getLength(Clay_String *str) {
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return str->length; // No need to count!
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}
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```
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### String Copy
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```c
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#include <string.h>
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int main(void) {
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char src[] = "Hello";
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char dest[20];
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// Copy string
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strcpy(dest, src);
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// Copy with size limit (safer)
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strncpy(dest, src, sizeof(dest) - 1);
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dest[sizeof(dest) - 1] = '\0'; // Ensure null termination
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printf("%s\n", dest);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### String Concatenation
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```c
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#include <string.h>
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int main(void) {
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char str[50] = "Hello";
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// Concatenate
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strcat(str, " World"); // "Hello World"
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// Concatenate with limit (safer)
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strncat(str, "!", sizeof(str) - strlen(str) - 1);
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printf("%s\n", str);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### String Comparison
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```c
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#include <string.h>
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int main(void) {
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char str1[] = "Apple";
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char str2[] = "Banana";
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// Compare strings
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int result = strcmp(str1, str2);
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if (result < 0) {
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printf("%s comes before %s\n", str1, str2);
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} else if (result > 0) {
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printf("%s comes after %s\n", str1, str2);
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} else {
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printf("Strings are equal\n");
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}
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// Compare n characters
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if (strncmp(str1, str2, 3) == 0) {
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printf("First 3 characters match\n");
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### Memory Operations
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```c
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#include <string.h>
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int main(void) {
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char buffer[20];
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// Set memory to value
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memset(buffer, 'A', 10);
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buffer[10] = '\0';
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printf("%s\n", buffer); // "AAAAAAAAAA"
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// Copy memory
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char src[] = "Hello";
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char dest[20];
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memcpy(dest, src, strlen(src) + 1); // Include \0
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// Move memory (handles overlapping regions)
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memmove(dest + 2, dest, strlen(dest) + 1); // Shift right
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printf("%s\n", dest); // "HeHello"
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// Compare memory
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if (memcmp(src, dest, 5) == 0) {
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printf("Memory regions match\n");
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay's Approach:**
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```c
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// Clay uses custom memory functions when needed
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static inline void Clay__MemoryCopy(
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void *dest,
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const void *src,
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size_t size
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) {
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char *d = (char*)dest;
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const char *s = (const char*)src;
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for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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d[i] = s[i];
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}
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}
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```
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---
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## 21.5 math.h - Mathematical Functions
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```c
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#include <math.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main(void) {
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// Power and roots
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printf("2^3 = %.0f\n", pow(2, 3)); // 8
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printf("sqrt(16) = %.0f\n", sqrt(16)); // 4
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printf("cbrt(27) = %.0f\n", cbrt(27)); // 3
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// Trigonometry
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printf("sin(π/2) = %.1f\n", sin(M_PI / 2)); // 1.0
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printf("cos(0) = %.1f\n", cos(0)); // 1.0
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printf("tan(π/4) = %.1f\n", tan(M_PI / 4)); // 1.0
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// Rounding
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printf("ceil(3.2) = %.0f\n", ceil(3.2)); // 4
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printf("floor(3.8) = %.0f\n", floor(3.8)); // 3
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printf("round(3.5) = %.0f\n", round(3.5)); // 4
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// Absolute value
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printf("fabs(-5.5) = %.1f\n", fabs(-5.5)); // 5.5
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printf("abs(-5) = %d\n", abs(-5)); // 5
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// Logarithms
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printf("log(e) = %.1f\n", log(M_E)); // 1.0
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printf("log10(100) = %.0f\n", log10(100)); // 2
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// Exponential
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printf("exp(1) = %.2f\n", exp(1)); // 2.72 (e)
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return 0;
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}
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```
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|
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**Clay's Implementation:**
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```c
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// Clay implements its own min/max (no stdlib needed)
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static inline float Clay__Min(float a, float b) {
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return a < b ? a : b;
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}
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static inline float Clay__Max(float a, float b) {
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return a > b ? a : b;
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}
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static inline float Clay__Clamp(float value, float min, float max) {
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return Clay__Max(min, Clay__Min(value, max));
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}
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```
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|
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---
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## 21.6 ctype.h - Character Handling
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|
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```c
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#include <ctype.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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|
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int main(void) {
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char ch = 'A';
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|
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// Character testing
|
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if (isalpha(ch)) printf("Letter\n");
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if (isdigit(ch)) printf("Digit\n");
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if (isalnum(ch)) printf("Alphanumeric\n");
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if (isupper(ch)) printf("Uppercase\n");
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if (islower(ch)) printf("Lowercase\n");
|
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if (isspace(ch)) printf("Whitespace\n");
|
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if (ispunct(ch)) printf("Punctuation\n");
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|
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// Character conversion
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printf("Upper: %c\n", toupper('a')); // 'A'
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printf("Lower: %c\n", tolower('A')); // 'a'
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|
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// Practical example: validate identifier
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int isValidIdentifier(const char *str) {
|
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if (!isalpha(str[0]) && str[0] != '_') {
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return 0; // Must start with letter or _
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}
|
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for (int i = 1; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {
|
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if (!isalnum(str[i]) && str[i] != '_') {
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return 0;
|
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}
|
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}
|
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return 1;
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}
|
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|
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printf("valid_name: %d\n", isValidIdentifier("valid_name")); // 1
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printf("123invalid: %d\n", isValidIdentifier("123invalid")); // 0
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|
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return 0;
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}
|
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```
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|
||||
---
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|
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## 21.7 time.h - Time and Date
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <time.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
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// Current time
|
||||
time_t now = time(NULL);
|
||||
printf("Seconds since epoch: %ld\n", now);
|
||||
|
||||
// Convert to readable format
|
||||
struct tm *timeinfo = localtime(&now);
|
||||
printf("Current time: %s", asctime(timeinfo));
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||||
|
||||
// Format time
|
||||
char buffer[80];
|
||||
strftime(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", timeinfo);
|
||||
printf("Formatted: %s\n", buffer);
|
||||
|
||||
// Measure execution time
|
||||
clock_t start = clock();
|
||||
|
||||
// Do some work
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
|
||||
// Busy work
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
clock_t end = clock();
|
||||
double cpu_time = ((double)(end - start)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
|
||||
printf("CPU time: %.6f seconds\n", cpu_time);
|
||||
|
||||
// Sleep (POSIX)
|
||||
// sleep(1); // Sleep 1 second
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 21.8 assert.h - Debugging
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <assert.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int divide(int a, int b) {
|
||||
assert(b != 0); // Crash if b is 0 (in debug builds)
|
||||
return a / b;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
int result = divide(10, 2); // OK
|
||||
printf("Result: %d\n", result);
|
||||
|
||||
// result = divide(10, 0); // Crashes with error message
|
||||
|
||||
// Disable asserts in release
|
||||
// Compile with: gcc -DNDEBUG program.c
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Clay's Approach:**
|
||||
```c
|
||||
// Clay has custom error handling
|
||||
#define CLAY__ASSERT(condition) \
|
||||
if (!(condition)) { \
|
||||
Clay__ErrorHandler(...); \
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 21.9 stdint.h - Fixed-Width Integers
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <stdint.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
// Exact-width integers
|
||||
int8_t i8 = 127; // -128 to 127
|
||||
uint8_t u8 = 255; // 0 to 255
|
||||
int16_t i16 = 32767; // -32768 to 32767
|
||||
uint16_t u16 = 65535; // 0 to 65535
|
||||
int32_t i32 = 2147483647;
|
||||
uint32_t u32 = 4294967295;
|
||||
int64_t i64 = 9223372036854775807;
|
||||
uint64_t u64 = 18446744073709551615ULL;
|
||||
|
||||
// Pointer-sized integers
|
||||
intptr_t iptr; // Can hold pointer
|
||||
uintptr_t uptr;
|
||||
|
||||
// Fast types (at least N bits)
|
||||
int_fast32_t fast32; // Fast 32-bit (may be 64-bit)
|
||||
int_least32_t least32; // At least 32-bit (may be 32+)
|
||||
|
||||
// Print with proper format specifiers
|
||||
printf("int32: %" PRId32 "\n", i32);
|
||||
printf("uint64: %" PRIu64 "\n", u64);
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Clay uses fixed-width types extensively:**
|
||||
```c
|
||||
typedef struct {
|
||||
int32_t capacity; // Exactly 32 bits
|
||||
int32_t length;
|
||||
uint32_t *internalArray;
|
||||
} Clay__int32_tArray;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 21.10 stdbool.h - Boolean Type
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <stdbool.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
bool isActive = true;
|
||||
bool isValid = false;
|
||||
|
||||
if (isActive) {
|
||||
printf("Active!\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Boolean operations
|
||||
bool result = isActive && !isValid; // true
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Pre-C99 approach:**
|
||||
```c
|
||||
typedef enum {
|
||||
false = 0,
|
||||
true = 1
|
||||
} bool;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 21.11 limits.h - Implementation Limits
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <limits.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
printf("CHAR_BIT: %d\n", CHAR_BIT); // 8
|
||||
printf("CHAR_MIN: %d\n", CHAR_MIN);
|
||||
printf("CHAR_MAX: %d\n", CHAR_MAX);
|
||||
printf("INT_MIN: %d\n", INT_MIN); // -2147483648
|
||||
printf("INT_MAX: %d\n", INT_MAX); // 2147483647
|
||||
printf("LONG_MAX: %ld\n", LONG_MAX);
|
||||
|
||||
// Check for overflow
|
||||
int x = INT_MAX;
|
||||
if (x + 1 < x) {
|
||||
printf("Overflow detected!\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 21.12 Key Concepts Learned
|
||||
- ✅ stdio.h for I/O operations
|
||||
- ✅ stdlib.h for memory and utilities
|
||||
- ✅ string.h for string manipulation
|
||||
- ✅ math.h for mathematical functions
|
||||
- ✅ ctype.h for character handling
|
||||
- ✅ time.h for time/date operations
|
||||
- ✅ assert.h for debugging
|
||||
- ✅ stdint.h for fixed-width types
|
||||
- ✅ stdbool.h for boolean type
|
||||
- ✅ Clay's zero-dependency approach
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Practice Exercises
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write a program to read a file and count words
|
||||
2. Implement your own strlen without using stdlib
|
||||
3. Create a simple calculator using scanf and math.h
|
||||
4. Build a random password generator
|
||||
5. Make a function to format time as "X days, Y hours, Z minutes"
|
||||
6. Implement case-insensitive string comparison
|
||||
7. Create a memory pool allocator (like Clay's arena)
|
||||
8. Write a benchmark utility using clock()
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue