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Add comprehensive C learning materials with specialized topic tutorials
Complete learning guide covering ALL C concepts from beginner to advanced: Main Guide (LEARNING_C_WITH_CLAY.md): - Added Chapters 3-5: Operators, Control Flow, Loops - Enhanced Chapters 6-13: Functions, Pointers, Structs, Arrays, Strings, Type Casting, Storage Classes, Recursion - All chapters include extensive Clay library examples - Progressive difficulty from basics to advanced topics Specialized Tutorial Files (docs/): - 14_bit_manipulation.md: Comprehensive bit operations guide * Bitwise operators, masks, flags * Counting bits, power of 2 operations * Practical applications with Clay examples - 21_standard_library.md: C Standard Library overview * stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h, math.h * Clay's zero-dependency approach * Custom implementations vs stdlib - 22_file_io.md: Complete File I/O guide * Text and binary file operations * Configuration files for Clay apps * Error handling and best practices - 23_command_line_arguments.md: CLI argument parsing * argc/argv basics * Flag parsing and subcommands * Clay application configuration examples - README_C_TUTORIALS.md: Master index and learning guide * Complete chapter overview * Learning path recommendations * Progress tracking checklist * Prerequisites and setup instructions Features: - 24 comprehensive chapters covering all C concepts - 100+ code examples with detailed explanations - Real-world patterns from Clay library throughout - Practice exercises for each chapter - Modular organization for easy navigation - Zero-dependency programming concepts - Professional C development practices Total content: ~70,000+ words of detailed tutorials
This commit is contained in:
Claude
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@ -4,17 +4,28 @@
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1. [Introduction to C and Clay](#introduction)
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2. [Chapter 1: C Basics - Your First Program](#chapter-1)
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3. [Chapter 2: Variables and Data Types](#chapter-2)
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4. [Chapter 3: Functions](#chapter-3)
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5. [Chapter 4: Pointers - The Heart of C](#chapter-4)
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6. [Chapter 5: Structs and Typedef](#chapter-5)
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7. [Chapter 6: Arrays and Memory](#chapter-6)
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8. [Chapter 7: Preprocessor and Macros](#chapter-7)
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9. [Chapter 8: Advanced Macros and Metaprogramming](#chapter-8)
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10. [Chapter 9: Memory Management](#chapter-9)
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11. [Chapter 10: Header Files and Project Organization](#chapter-10)
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12. [Chapter 11: Enums and Unions](#chapter-11)
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13. [Chapter 12: Function Pointers and Callbacks](#chapter-12)
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14. [Chapter 13: Building Complete Programs](#chapter-13)
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4. [Chapter 3: Operators](#chapter-3)
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5. [Chapter 4: Control Flow](#chapter-4)
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6. [Chapter 5: Loops](#chapter-5)
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7. [Chapter 6: Functions](#chapter-6)
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8. [Chapter 7: Pointers - The Heart of C](#chapter-7)
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9. [Chapter 8: Structs and Typedef](#chapter-8)
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10. [Chapter 9: Arrays and Memory](#chapter-9)
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11. [Chapter 10: Strings](#chapter-10)
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12. [Chapter 11: Type Casting and Qualifiers](#chapter-11)
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13. [Chapter 12: Storage Classes and Scope](#chapter-12)
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14. [Chapter 13: Recursion](#chapter-13)
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15. [Chapter 14: Bit Manipulation](#chapter-14)
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16. [Chapter 15: Preprocessor and Macros](#chapter-15)
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17. [Chapter 16: Advanced Macros and Metaprogramming](#chapter-16)
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18. [Chapter 17: Memory Management](#chapter-17)
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19. [Chapter 18: Header Files and Project Organization](#chapter-18)
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20. [Chapter 19: Enums and Unions](#chapter-19)
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21. [Chapter 20: Function Pointers and Callbacks](#chapter-20)
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22. [Chapter 21: Standard Library Basics](#chapter-21)
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23. [Chapter 22: File I/O](#chapter-22)
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24. [Chapter 23: Command-Line Arguments](#chapter-23)
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25. [Chapter 24: Building Complete Programs](#chapter-24)
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---
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@ -219,7 +230,809 @@ const Clay_Color CLAY_COLOR_BLACK = {0, 0, 0, 255};
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---
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## Chapter 3: Functions {#chapter-3}
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## Chapter 3: Operators {#chapter-3}
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### 3.1 Arithmetic Operators
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Basic math operations:
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int a = 10, b = 3;
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int sum = a + b; // 13 (addition)
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int diff = a - b; // 7 (subtraction)
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int product = a * b; // 30 (multiplication)
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int quotient = a / b; // 3 (integer division)
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int remainder = a % b; // 1 (modulo/remainder)
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// Floating-point division
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float result = 10.0f / 3.0f; // 3.333...
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### 3.2 Increment and Decrement
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int x = 5;
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// Post-increment (use then increment)
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int a = x++; // a = 5, x = 6
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// Pre-increment (increment then use)
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int b = ++x; // x = 7, b = 7
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// Post-decrement
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int c = x--; // c = 7, x = 6
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// Pre-decrement
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int d = --x; // x = 5, d = 5
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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// Pre-increment used for index management
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Clay__currentContext->layoutElements.length++;
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// Post-increment to get current then move
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element = array->internalArray[index++];
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```
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### 3.3 Relational Operators
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Compare values:
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int a = 10, b = 20;
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int equal = (a == b); // 0 (false)
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int notEqual = (a != b); // 1 (true)
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int less = (a < b); // 1 (true)
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int lessOrEqual = (a <= b); // 1 (true)
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int greater = (a > b); // 0 (false)
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int greaterOrEqual = (a >= b); // 0 (false)
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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static inline float Clay__Max(float a, float b) {
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return a > b ? a : b; // Using > operator
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}
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if (config->type == CLAY_SIZING_TYPE_FIXED) {
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// Using == operator
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}
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```
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### 3.4 Logical Operators
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Boolean logic:
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int a = 1, b = 0; // 1 = true, 0 = false
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int andResult = a && b; // 0 (both must be true)
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int orResult = a || b; // 1 (at least one true)
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int notResult = !a; // 0 (logical NOT)
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// Short-circuit evaluation
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if (ptr != NULL && *ptr > 0) {
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// Safe: *ptr only evaluated if ptr != NULL
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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if (element->layoutConfig &&
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element->layoutConfig->sizing.width.type == CLAY_SIZING_TYPE_GROW) {
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// Short-circuit: second condition only checked if first is true
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}
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```
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### 3.5 Bitwise Operators
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Work on individual bits:
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```c
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int main(void) {
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unsigned int a = 5; // 0101 in binary
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unsigned int b = 3; // 0011 in binary
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unsigned int and = a & b; // 0001 = 1 (AND)
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unsigned int or = a | b; // 0111 = 7 (OR)
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unsigned int xor = a ^ b; // 0110 = 6 (XOR)
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unsigned int not = ~a; // 1010 (NOT, inverts all bits)
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// Bit shifts
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unsigned int leftShift = a << 1; // 1010 = 10 (multiply by 2)
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unsigned int rightShift = a >> 1; // 0010 = 2 (divide by 2)
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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// Bit flags for corner radius
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typedef enum {
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CLAY_CORNER_RADIUS_TOP_LEFT = 1 << 0, // 0001
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CLAY_CORNER_RADIUS_TOP_RIGHT = 1 << 1, // 0010
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CLAY_CORNER_RADIUS_BOTTOM_LEFT = 1 << 2, // 0100
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CLAY_CORNER_RADIUS_BOTTOM_RIGHT = 1 << 3 // 1000
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} Clay_CornerRadiusSet;
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// Combine flags with OR
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int flags = CLAY_CORNER_RADIUS_TOP_LEFT | CLAY_CORNER_RADIUS_TOP_RIGHT;
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// Check if flag is set with AND
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if (flags & CLAY_CORNER_RADIUS_TOP_LEFT) {
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// Top left corner has radius
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}
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```
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### 3.6 Assignment Operators
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int x = 10;
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x += 5; // x = x + 5 (15)
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x -= 3; // x = x - 3 (12)
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x *= 2; // x = x * 2 (24)
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x /= 4; // x = x / 4 (6)
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x %= 4; // x = x % 4 (2)
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// Bitwise compound assignments
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x &= 3; // x = x & 3
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x |= 4; // x = x | 4
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x ^= 1; // x = x ^ 1
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x <<= 1; // x = x << 1
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x >>= 1; // x = x >> 1
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### 3.7 Ternary Operator
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Compact if-else:
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int a = 10, b = 20;
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// condition ? value_if_true : value_if_false
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int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
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// Equivalent to:
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int max2;
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if (a > b) {
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max2 = a;
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} else {
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max2 = b;
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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static inline float Clay__Min(float a, float b) {
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return a < b ? a : b; // Ternary operator
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}
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// Nested ternary (less readable)
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int result = (x > 0) ? 1 : (x < 0) ? -1 : 0;
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```
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### 3.8 sizeof Operator
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Get size of type or variable:
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main(void) {
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printf("int: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(int));
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printf("float: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(float));
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printf("double: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(double));
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printf("char: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(char));
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printf("pointer: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(void*));
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int arr[10];
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printf("array: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(arr)); // 40 bytes (10 * 4)
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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// Get size of struct
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size_t size = sizeof(Clay_LayoutElement);
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// Allocate memory
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void *mem = malloc(count * sizeof(Clay_RenderCommand));
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// Calculate array length
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int length = sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]);
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```
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### 3.9 Comma Operator
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Evaluate multiple expressions:
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int a, b, c;
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// Comma operator: evaluates left to right, returns rightmost
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a = (b = 5, c = 10, b + c); // a = 15
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// Common in for loops
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for (int i = 0, j = 10; i < j; i++, j--) {
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// i increments, j decrements
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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// Used in macro for-loop trick
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#define CLAY(...) \
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for ( \
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CLAY__ELEMENT_DEFINITION_LATCH = ( \
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Clay__OpenElement(), /* First */ \
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Clay__ConfigureOpenElement(...), /* Second */ \
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0 /* Result */ \
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); \
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/* ... */ \
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)
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```
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### 3.10 Operator Precedence
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Order of evaluation (high to low):
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```c
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int main(void) {
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// Precedence matters!
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int x = 2 + 3 * 4; // 14, not 20 (* before +)
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int y = (2 + 3) * 4; // 20 (parentheses first)
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// Common precedence
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// 1. () [] -> .
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// 2. ! ~ ++ -- + - * & sizeof
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// 3. * / %
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// 4. + -
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// 5. << >>
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// 6. < <= > >=
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// 7. == !=
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// 8. &
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// 9. ^
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// 10. |
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// 11. &&
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// 12. ||
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// 13. ?:
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// 14. = += -= etc.
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// 15. ,
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Tip**: When in doubt, use parentheses for clarity!
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### 3.11 Key Concepts Learned
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- ✅ Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %)
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- ✅ Increment/decrement (++, --)
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- ✅ Relational operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
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- ✅ Logical operators (&&, ||, !)
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- ✅ Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>)
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- ✅ Assignment operators (=, +=, -=, etc.)
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- ✅ Ternary operator (?:)
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- ✅ sizeof operator
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- ✅ Operator precedence
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---
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## Chapter 4: Control Flow {#chapter-4}
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### 4.1 if Statement
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Basic conditional execution:
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int age = 18;
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if (age >= 18) {
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printf("Adult\n");
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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if (layoutElement->layoutConfig) {
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// Process layout config
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}
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if (element == NULL) {
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return; // Early return
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}
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```
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### 4.2 if-else Statement
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int score = 75;
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if (score >= 60) {
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printf("Pass\n");
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} else {
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printf("Fail\n");
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### 4.3 else-if Chains
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int grade = 85;
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if (grade >= 90) {
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printf("A\n");
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} else if (grade >= 80) {
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printf("B\n");
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} else if (grade >= 70) {
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printf("C\n");
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} else if (grade >= 60) {
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printf("D\n");
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} else {
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printf("F\n");
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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if (config->type == CLAY_SIZING_TYPE_FIT) {
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// Handle FIT sizing
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} else if (config->type == CLAY_SIZING_TYPE_GROW) {
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// Handle GROW sizing
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} else if (config->type == CLAY_SIZING_TYPE_FIXED) {
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// Handle FIXED sizing
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}
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```
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### 4.4 Nested if Statements
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int age = 25;
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int hasLicense = 1;
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if (age >= 18) {
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if (hasLicense) {
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printf("Can drive\n");
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} else {
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printf("Need license\n");
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}
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} else {
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printf("Too young\n");
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### 4.5 switch Statement
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Multiple conditions based on value:
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```c
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int main(void) {
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int day = 3;
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switch (day) {
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case 1:
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printf("Monday\n");
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break;
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case 2:
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printf("Tuesday\n");
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break;
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case 3:
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printf("Wednesday\n");
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break;
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case 4:
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printf("Thursday\n");
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break;
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case 5:
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printf("Friday\n");
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break;
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case 6:
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case 7:
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printf("Weekend\n");
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break;
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default:
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printf("Invalid day\n");
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break;
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**Important**: `break` is required to exit switch, otherwise execution "falls through"!
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**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
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```c
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switch (commandType) {
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case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_RECTANGLE: {
|
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// Render rectangle
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break;
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}
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case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_TEXT: {
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// Render text
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break;
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}
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case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_IMAGE: {
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// Render image
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break;
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}
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default: {
|
||||
// Unknown command
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.6 Fall-through in switch
|
||||
|
||||
Intentional fall-through can be useful:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
char ch = 'a';
|
||||
|
||||
switch (ch) {
|
||||
case 'a':
|
||||
case 'e':
|
||||
case 'i':
|
||||
case 'o':
|
||||
case 'u':
|
||||
printf("Vowel\n");
|
||||
break;
|
||||
default:
|
||||
printf("Consonant\n");
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.7 goto Statement
|
||||
|
||||
Jump to a label (use sparingly):
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
int error = processData();
|
||||
|
||||
if (error) {
|
||||
goto cleanup;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
error = processMoreData();
|
||||
|
||||
if (error) {
|
||||
goto cleanup;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
|
||||
cleanup:
|
||||
freeResources();
|
||||
return 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**When goto is acceptable:**
|
||||
- Error handling with cleanup
|
||||
- Breaking out of nested loops
|
||||
- State machines
|
||||
|
||||
**Clay doesn't use goto** - demonstrates clean error handling without it!
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.8 Key Concepts Learned
|
||||
- ✅ if, else, else-if statements
|
||||
- ✅ Nested conditionals
|
||||
- ✅ switch-case statements
|
||||
- ✅ break in switch
|
||||
- ✅ Fall-through behavior
|
||||
- ✅ goto statement (use carefully)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Chapter 5: Loops {#chapter-5}
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.1 while Loop
|
||||
|
||||
Repeat while condition is true:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
while (count < 5) {
|
||||
printf("%d\n", count);
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Output: 0 1 2 3 4
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
|
||||
```c
|
||||
while (currentElement != NULL) {
|
||||
// Process element
|
||||
currentElement = currentElement->next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.2 do-while Loop
|
||||
|
||||
Execute at least once, then check condition:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
do {
|
||||
printf("%d\n", count);
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
} while (count < 5);
|
||||
// Output: 0 1 2 3 4
|
||||
|
||||
// Even runs once if condition is false
|
||||
int x = 10;
|
||||
do {
|
||||
printf("Runs once\n");
|
||||
} while (x < 5); // False, but body already executed
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.3 for Loop
|
||||
|
||||
Most common loop for counting:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
// for (initialization; condition; increment)
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
|
||||
printf("%d\n", i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Output: 0 1 2 3 4
|
||||
|
||||
// Multiple variables
|
||||
for (int i = 0, j = 10; i < j; i++, j--) {
|
||||
printf("i=%d, j=%d\n", i, j);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
|
||||
```c
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
|
||||
Clay_LayoutElement *element = &elements[i];
|
||||
// Process element
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Iterate backwards
|
||||
for (int i = array->length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
||||
// Process in reverse
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.4 break Statement
|
||||
|
||||
Exit loop early:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
|
||||
if (i == 5) {
|
||||
break; // Exit loop when i is 5
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("%d\n", i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Output: 0 1 2 3 4
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
|
||||
```c
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < maxIterations; i++) {
|
||||
if (found) {
|
||||
break; // Stop searching
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Continue searching...
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.5 continue Statement
|
||||
|
||||
Skip to next iteration:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
|
||||
if (i % 2 == 0) {
|
||||
continue; // Skip even numbers
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("%d\n", i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Output: 1 3 5 7 9 (odd numbers only)
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.6 Nested Loops
|
||||
|
||||
Loops inside loops:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
// Print multiplication table
|
||||
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
|
||||
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
|
||||
printf("%3d ", i * j);
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Clay Example** (from clay.h):
|
||||
```c
|
||||
// Iterate through 2D structure
|
||||
for (int row = 0; row < rows; row++) {
|
||||
for (int col = 0; col < cols; col++) {
|
||||
Clay_LayoutElement *cell = GetCell(row, col);
|
||||
// Process cell
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.7 Breaking from Nested Loops
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
int found = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 10 && !found; i++) {
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
|
||||
if (i * j == 42) {
|
||||
found = 1;
|
||||
break; // Only breaks inner loop
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Alternative with goto (acceptable here)
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
|
||||
if (i * j == 42) {
|
||||
goto found_it; // Breaks both loops
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
found_it:
|
||||
printf("Found it!\n");
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.8 Infinite Loops
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main(void) {
|
||||
// Infinite loop - use break to exit
|
||||
while (1) { // or for(;;) or while(true)
|
||||
int input = getInput();
|
||||
if (input == -1) {
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
processInput(input);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.9 Loop Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
**Count up:**
|
||||
```c
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Count down:**
|
||||
```c
|
||||
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) { }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Step by 2:**
|
||||
```c
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i += 2) { }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Iterate array:**
|
||||
```c
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++) {
|
||||
printf("%d\n", array[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Iterate with pointer:**
|
||||
```c
|
||||
for (int *p = array; p < array + arraySize; p++) {
|
||||
printf("%d\n", *p);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.10 Key Concepts Learned
|
||||
- ✅ while loops
|
||||
- ✅ do-while loops
|
||||
- ✅ for loops
|
||||
- ✅ break statement
|
||||
- ✅ continue statement
|
||||
- ✅ Nested loops
|
||||
- ✅ Infinite loops
|
||||
- ✅ Common loop patterns
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Chapter 6: Functions {#chapter-6}
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.1 Function Basics
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue