Merge 0e9da36bda into 389a044cd2

.gitignore

@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@ cmake-build-release/
 .idea/
 node_modules/
 *.dSYM
-.vs/
+.vs/
+out/

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.27)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.25)
 project(clay)
 
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
 
-option(CLAY_INCLUDE_ALL_EXAMPLES "Build all examples" ON)
+option(CLAY_INCLUDE_ALL_EXAMPLES "Build all examples" OFF)
 option(CLAY_INCLUDE_DEMOS "Build video demo and website" OFF)
 option(CLAY_INCLUDE_CPP_EXAMPLE "Build C++ example" OFF)
 option(CLAY_INCLUDE_RAYLIB_EXAMPLES "Build raylib examples" OFF)
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ option(CLAY_INCLUDE_SDL3_EXAMPLES "Build SDL 3 examples" OFF)
 option(CLAY_INCLUDE_WIN32_GDI_EXAMPLES "Build Win32 GDI examples" OFF)
 option(CLAY_INCLUDE_SOKOL_EXAMPLES "Build Sokol examples" OFF)
 option(CLAY_INCLUDE_PLAYDATE_EXAMPLES "Build Playdate examples" OFF)
+option(CLAY_INCLUDE_VULAKN_EXAMPLES "Build Vulkan examples" ON)
 
 message(STATUS "CLAY_INCLUDE_DEMOS: ${CLAY_INCLUDE_DEMOS}")
 
@@ -44,6 +45,9 @@ if(CLAY_INCLUDE_ALL_EXAMPLES OR CLAY_INCLUDE_SOKOL_EXAMPLES)
   add_subdirectory("examples/sokol-video-demo")
   add_subdirectory("examples/sokol-corner-radius")
 endif()
+if(CLAY_INCLUDE_ALL_EXAMPLES OR CLAY_INCLUDE_VULAKN_EXAMPLES)
+  add_subdirectory("examples/vulkan-demo")
+endif()
 
 # Playdate example not included in ALL because users need to install the playdate SDK first which requires a license agreement
 if(CLAY_INCLUDE_PLAYDATE_EXAMPLES)

README.md

@@ -126,6 +126,86 @@ The above example, rendered correctly will look something like the following:
 
 ![Clay Example](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/1928c6d4-ada9-4a4c-a3d1-44fe9b23b3bd)
 
+### Visual Studio 2022 / MSVC build configuration
+
+The current README did not spell out how to set up Clay with Visual Studio 2022, so the following steps target MSVC users building a single `CLAY_IMPLEMENTATION` translation unit alongside a Vulkan renderer. These steps also leave room for future improvements such as better swapchain-resize handling and validation tightening.
+
+- **Language standard & warning level:**
+  - Set the **C Language Standard** to **ISO C17** (`/std:c17`) in *Configuration Properties → C/C++ → Language*. Clay is plain C, but C++20 projects can include the generated object because the C translation unit is compiled separately.
+  - Use **Warning Level** `/W4` (or `/Wall` when validating new integrations) and treat warnings as errors for the Clay translation unit to catch integration issues early.
+  - Keep `CLAY_IMPLEMENTATION` defined in exactly one `.c` file to avoid multiple-definition linker errors; all other translation units should include `clay.h` without the define.
+- **Vulkan SDK include/lib setup (LunarG):**
+  - Install the [LunarG Vulkan SDK](https://vulkan.lunarg.com/doc/sdk) and ensure the `VULKAN_SDK` environment variable is set by the installer.
+  - Add `$(VULKAN_SDK)\Include` to *Configuration Properties → C/C++ → General → Additional Include Directories*.
+  - Add `$(VULKAN_SDK)\Lib` to *Configuration Properties → Linker → General → Additional Library Directories* and link against `vulkan-1.lib` (plus any allocator / shader utility libs you use).
+  - When mixing with ImGui backends, keep the [ImGui wiki guidelines](https://github.com/ocornut/imgui/wiki) handy for sampler, descriptor, and swapchain best practices.
+
+**Minimal MSVC-friendly Vulkan loop (C17) showing Clay command mapping and scissor stack for scrolling**
+
+```C
+// This translation unit should be compiled with /std:c17 and /W4 using MSVC in Visual Studio 2022.
+// The snippet iterates Clay_RenderCommandArray, maps commands to Vulkan pipelines, and maintains a scissor stack for scroll regions.
+static void RenderClayCommands(VkCommandBuffer l_CommandBuffer, Clay_RenderCommandArray l_RenderCommands) {
+    VkPipeline l_RectPipeline = /* created elsewhere */ VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkPipeline l_TextPipeline = /* created elsewhere */ VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkRect2D l_ScissorStack[8] = {0};
+    int32_t l_ScissorDepth = 0;
+
+    for (int32_t l_CommandIndex = 0; l_CommandIndex < l_RenderCommands.length; ++l_CommandIndex) {
+        Clay_RenderCommand *l_Command = &l_RenderCommands.internalArray[l_CommandIndex];
+
+        switch (l_Command->commandType) {
+            case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_SCISSOR_START: {
+                // Push the scrollable clip rect to keep nested scroll areas isolated.
+                VkRect2D l_NewScissor = {
+                    .offset = { (int32_t)l_Command->boundingBox.x, (int32_t)l_Command->boundingBox.y },
+                    .extent = { (uint32_t)l_Command->boundingBox.width, (uint32_t)l_Command->boundingBox.height }
+                };
+                if (l_ScissorDepth < (int32_t)(sizeof l_ScissorStack / sizeof l_ScissorStack[0])) {
+                    l_ScissorStack[l_ScissorDepth++] = l_NewScissor;
+                    vkCmdSetScissor(l_CommandBuffer, 0, 1, &l_NewScissor);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_SCISSOR_END: {
+                // Pop the scissor so parents resume drawing without child clips.
+                if (l_ScissorDepth > 0) {
+                    --l_ScissorDepth;
+                    if (l_ScissorDepth > 0) {
+                        vkCmdSetScissor(l_CommandBuffer, 0, 1, &l_ScissorStack[l_ScissorDepth - 1]);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_RECTANGLE: {
+                // Map to a color-pass pipeline and draw the quad for this UI rect.
+                vkCmdBindPipeline(l_CommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, l_RectPipeline);
+                // ...bind vertex buffers and push constants for l_Command->renderData.rectangle.backgroundColor
+                // ...issue vkCmdDraw to render the rectangle
+                break;
+            }
+            case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_TEXT: {
+                // Select the text pipeline; glyph atlas binding follows ImGui-style descriptor usage.
+                vkCmdBindPipeline(l_CommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, l_TextPipeline);
+                // ...bind font atlas descriptors, set per-draw uniforms, and vkCmdDrawIndexed for glyphs
+                break;
+            }
+            default: {
+                // Additional Clay command types (images, borders, custom) can be routed here.
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Troubleshooting and future enhancements**
+
+- If scissor clipping appears inverted, verify that the swapchain surface transform is accounted for before setting `VkRect2D`.
+- MSVC link errors referencing `CLAY_IMPLEMENTATION` usually mean more than one translation unit defined the macro; keep it in a single `.c` file.
+- Vulkan validation warnings about descriptor lifetimes often stem from text pipelines; cross-check against the [ImGui wiki recommendations](https://github.com/ocornut/imgui/wiki).
+- Consider adding a resize strategy that rebuilds pipelines only when swapchain formats change (future enhancement), and batch multiple Clay rectangles into shared vertex buffers to reduce draw calls.
+
 In summary, the general order of steps is:
 
 1. [Clay_SetLayoutDimensions(dimensions)](#clay_setlayoutdimensions)	

examples/cpp-project-example/main.cpp

@@ -1,21 +1,73 @@
-#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <wingdi.h>
+
 #define CLAY_IMPLEMENTATION
 #include "../../clay.h"
 
-Clay_LayoutConfig layoutElement = Clay_LayoutConfig { .padding = {5} };
+// Simple layout config with prefixed naming to match the MSVC-friendly style guide.
+Clay_LayoutConfig s_LayoutElement = Clay_LayoutConfig{ .padding = {5} };
 
-void HandleClayErrors(Clay_ErrorData errorData) {
+// Win32-compatible font handle that can be reused by the text measuring callback.
+static HFONT s_TextFont = static_cast<HFONT>(GetStockObject(DEFAULT_GUI_FONT));
+
+// Bridge Clay's text measuring hook to GDI so layouts get accurate extents on Windows.
+Clay_Dimensions HandleMeasureText(Clay_StringSlice text, Clay_TextElementConfig* config, void* userData)
+{
+    (void)config; // Config is available for future font switching or styling.
+    HFONT* l_FontHandle = static_cast<HFONT*>(userData);
+    HFONT l_ResolvedFont = l_FontHandle != nullptr && *l_FontHandle != nullptr ? *l_FontHandle : s_TextFont;
+
+    HDC l_DeviceContext = GetDC(nullptr);
+    if (l_DeviceContext == nullptr)
+    {
+        return Clay_Dimensions{ 0, 0 };
+    }
+
+    HGDIOBJ l_PreviousFont = nullptr;
+    if (l_ResolvedFont != nullptr)
+    {
+        l_PreviousFont = SelectObject(l_DeviceContext, l_ResolvedFont);
+    }
+
+    SIZE l_TextSize{ 0, 0 };
+    int l_TextLength = static_cast<int>(text.length);
+    GetTextExtentPoint32A(l_DeviceContext, text.chars, l_TextLength, &l_TextSize);
+
+    if (l_PreviousFont != nullptr)
+    {
+        SelectObject(l_DeviceContext, l_PreviousFont);
+    }
+    ReleaseDC(nullptr, l_DeviceContext);
+
+    // Future improvement: swap GDI for DirectWrite or cache glyph metrics to avoid repeated calls.
+    return Clay_Dimensions{ static_cast<float>(l_TextSize.cx), static_cast<float>(l_TextSize.cy) };
+}
+
+void HandleClayErrors(Clay_ErrorData errorData)
+{
     printf("%s", errorData.errorText.chars);
 }
 
-int main(void) {
+int main(void)
-    uint64_t totalMemorySize = Clay_MinMemorySize();
+{
-    Clay_Arena clayMemory = Clay_CreateArenaWithCapacityAndMemory(totalMemorySize, (char *)malloc(totalMemorySize));
+    uint64_t l_TotalMemorySize = Clay_MinMemorySize();
-    Clay_Initialize(clayMemory, Clay_Dimensions {1024,768}, Clay_ErrorHandler { HandleClayErrors });
+    Clay_Arena l_ClayMemory = Clay_CreateArenaWithCapacityAndMemory(l_TotalMemorySize, static_cast<char*>(malloc(l_TotalMemorySize)));
+
+    // Initialize the Clay context and immediately provide a Windows-friendly text measure callback.
+    Clay_Initialize(l_ClayMemory, Clay_Dimensions{ 1024, 768 }, Clay_ErrorHandler{ HandleClayErrors });
+    Clay_SetMeasureTextFunction(HandleMeasureText, &s_TextFont);
+
+    // The measure function lets Clay compute text bounds before laying out widgets.
     Clay_BeginLayout();
-    CLAY_AUTO_ID({ .layout = layoutElement, .backgroundColor = {255,255,255,0} }) {
+    CLAY_AUTO_ID({ .layout = s_LayoutElement, .backgroundColor = {255,255,255,0} })
+    {
         CLAY_TEXT(CLAY_STRING(""), CLAY_TEXT_CONFIG({ .fontId = 0 }));
     }
     Clay_EndLayout();
+
     return 0;
-}
+}

examples/vulkan-demo/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.27)
+project(clay_examples_vulkan_demo LANGUAGES CXX)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
+
+include(FetchContent)
+set(FETCHCONTENT_QUIET FALSE)
+
+# GLFW is used only for window creation and Vulkan surface management in this demo.
+# When other examples are enabled (e.g., raylib), GLFW may already be present via
+# their dependencies. Guarding the population prevents duplicate target errors
+# (CMP0002) while still reusing the existing GLFW target when available.
+if(NOT TARGET glfw)
+    FetchContent_Declare(
+        glfw
+        GIT_REPOSITORY "https://github.com/glfw/glfw.git"
+        GIT_TAG "3.4"
+        GIT_PROGRESS TRUE
+        GIT_SHALLOW TRUE
+    )
+    FetchContent_MakeAvailable(glfw)
+else()
+    message(STATUS "Reusing existing GLFW target for Vulkan demo")
+endif()
+
+find_package(Vulkan REQUIRED)
+
+add_executable(clay_examples_vulkan_demo
+    main.cpp
+)
+
+target_include_directories(clay_examples_vulkan_demo PUBLIC
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/..
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../..
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(clay_examples_vulkan_demo PRIVATE
+    glfw
+    Vulkan::Vulkan
+)
+
+if(MSVC)
+    # Keep MSVC warnings visible while allowing the demo to compile cleanly.
+    target_compile_options(clay_examples_vulkan_demo PRIVATE /W4)
+else()
+    target_compile_options(clay_examples_vulkan_demo PRIVATE -Wall -Wextra)
+endif()
+
+# Allow Visual Studio users to copy sample resources (fonts, textures) beside the executable later.
+add_custom_target(clay_examples_vulkan_demo_copy_resources ALL
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E make_directory ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/resources
+    COMMENT "Prepare resource directory for future font/texture assets"
+)
+add_dependencies(clay_examples_vulkan_demo clay_examples_vulkan_demo_copy_resources)

examples/vulkan-demo/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Clay Vulkan Demo
+
+This Visual Studio 2022 friendly sample shows how to pair Clay's layout engine with a Vulkan swapchain. It uses GLFW for the Win32 surface and stitches Clay render commands through the Vulkan renderer adapter.
+
+## Build prerequisites
+- [Vulkan SDK](https://vulkan.lunarg.com/doc/sdk) installed and the `VULKAN_SDK` environment variable set.
+- Visual Studio 2022 with CMake and the MSVC toolset.
+- Git submodules are not required because GLFW is fetched automatically through CMake's `FetchContent`.
+
+## Configure and build (Visual Studio 2022)
+1. Open a **Developer PowerShell for VS 2022** so the compiler environment variables are available.
+2. Generate a build directory:
+   ```pwsh
+   cmake -S examples/vulkan-demo -B build/vulkan-demo -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" -A x64
+   ```
+3. Build the executable:
+   ```pwsh
+   cmake --build build/vulkan-demo --config Debug
+   ```
+4. Run the demo from the build tree (the app opens a GLFW window):
+   ```pwsh
+   build/vulkan-demo/Debug/clay_examples_vulkan_demo.exe
+   ```
+
+## Notes and future work
+- The code is intentionally verbose and commented with links to the Vulkan SDK reference and the ImGui wiki for font atlas/descriptor sharing advice.
+- Swapchain, render pass, and command buffer setup are present, but pipeline configuration uses placeholders so you can wire your own shaders.
+- TODOs remain for dynamic descriptor management and richer font handling; these are natural next steps after the basic window + swapchain bring-up.

renderers/vulkan/clay_renderer_vulkan.c

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+// Clay Vulkan renderer sample (C17/C20 friendly)
+// This file demonstrates how to traverse Clay_RenderCommandArray and submit Vulkan draw calls.
+// The implementation favors clarity over micro-optimizations and documents future improvements.
+// Vulkan reference: https://vulkan.lunarg.com/doc/sdk
+// ImGui integration notes (for font atlas usage ideas): https://github.com/ocornut/imgui/wiki
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+#include "clay.h"
+
+// Forward declarations -------------------------------------------------------
+struct ClayVulkanRenderer;
+static void ClayVulkan_PushScissor(struct ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
+static void ClayVulkan_PopScissor(struct ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawRectangle(struct ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawBorder(struct ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawImage(struct ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawText(struct ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawCustom(struct ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
+
+// Resource cache keyed by Clay IDs ------------------------------------------
+typedef struct ClayVulkanTexture
+{
+    uint32_t m_Id;          // Clay image id
+    VkImageView m_ImageView;
+    VkSampler m_Sampler;
+    VkDescriptorSet m_DescriptorSet;
+} ClayVulkanTexture;
+
+typedef struct ClayVulkanFont
+{
+    uint16_t m_FontId;
+    uint16_t m_FontSize;
+    void* m_FontUserData;   // Pointer to glyph atlas / font metrics owned by the application
+} ClayVulkanFont;
+
+typedef struct ClayVulkanResourceCache
+{
+    ClayVulkanTexture m_Textures[64];
+    uint32_t m_TextureCount;
+    ClayVulkanFont m_Fonts[32];
+    uint32_t m_FontCount;
+} ClayVulkanResourceCache;
+
+// Renderer state ------------------------------------------------------------
+typedef struct ClayVulkanRenderer
+{
+    VkDevice m_Device;
+    VkRenderPass m_RenderPass; // Compatible with the framebuffer bound by the host application
+    VkPipeline m_RectPipeline;
+    VkPipeline m_TextPipeline;
+    VkPipeline m_ImagePipeline;
+    VkPipelineLayout m_PipelineLayout;
+    VkCommandBuffer m_ActiveCommandBuffer;
+    VkRect2D m_ScissorStack[16];
+    uint32_t m_ScissorCount;
+    ClayVulkanResourceCache m_ResourceCache;
+    // The sample keeps descriptor pools outside; the host passes ready-to-bind descriptor sets.
+} ClayVulkanRenderer;
+
+// Utility: fetch or insert cached texture -----------------------------------
+static ClayVulkanTexture* ClayVulkan_GetTexture(ClayVulkanResourceCache* cache, uint32_t id)
+{
+    for (uint32_t it_Index = 0; it_Index < cache->m_TextureCount; ++it_Index)
+    {
+        ClayVulkanTexture* l_Texture = &cache->m_Textures[it_Index];
+        if (l_Texture->m_Id == id)
+        {
+            return l_Texture;
+        }
+    }
+    if (cache->m_TextureCount >= (uint32_t)(sizeof(cache->m_Textures) / sizeof(cache->m_Textures[0])))
+    {
+        return NULL; // Out of cache entries; caller can log and skip drawing.
+    }
+    ClayVulkanTexture* l_Texture = &cache->m_Textures[cache->m_TextureCount++];
+    memset(l_Texture, 0, sizeof(*l_Texture));
+    l_Texture->m_Id = id;
+
+    return l_Texture;
+}
+
+// Utility: fetch or insert cached font --------------------------------------
+static ClayVulkanFont* ClayVulkan_GetFont(ClayVulkanResourceCache* cache, uint16_t fontId, uint16_t fontSize)
+{
+    for (uint32_t it_Index = 0; it_Index < cache->m_FontCount; ++it_Index)
+    {
+        ClayVulkanFont* l_Font = &cache->m_Fonts[it_Index];
+        if (l_Font->m_FontId == fontId && l_Font->m_FontSize == fontSize)
+        {
+            return l_Font;
+        }
+    }
+    if (cache->m_FontCount >= (uint32_t)(sizeof(cache->m_Fonts) / sizeof(cache->m_Fonts[0])))
+    {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    ClayVulkanFont* l_Font = &cache->m_Fonts[cache->m_FontCount++];
+    memset(l_Font, 0, sizeof(*l_Font));
+    l_Font->m_FontId = fontId;
+    l_Font->m_FontSize = fontSize;
+
+    return l_Font;
+}
+
+// Text measurement hook ------------------------------------------------------
+// Backs Clay_SetMeasureTextFunction and aligns with Clay_TextRenderData expectations.
+static Clay_Dimensions ClayVulkan_MeasureText(Clay_StringSlice text, Clay_TextElementConfig* config, void* userData)
+{
+    ClayVulkanRenderer* l_Renderer = (ClayVulkanRenderer*)userData;
+    ClayVulkanFont* l_Font = ClayVulkan_GetFont(&l_Renderer->m_ResourceCache, config->fontId, config->fontSize);
+    // The sample assumes the host supplies pixel metrics via m_FontUserData (e.g., stb_truetype bake results).
+    // For demonstration, approximate width using a monospaced assumption and letter spacing.
+    const float s_DefaultGlyphWidth = (float)config->fontSize * 0.6f;
+    float l_Width = (float)text.length * s_DefaultGlyphWidth + (float)config->letterSpacing * (float)text.length;
+    float l_Height = (float)config->lineHeight;
+    (void)l_Font; // In a real integration, sample glyph advances from l_Font->m_FontUserData.
+    
+    // MSVC doesn't support C99 compound literals in C mode; build the return value explicitly for portability.
+    Clay_Dimensions l_Dimensions = { 0 };
+    l_Dimensions.width = l_Width;
+    l_Dimensions.height = l_Height;
+
+    return l_Dimensions;
+}
+
+// Scissor management ---------------------------------------------------------
+static void ClayVulkan_PushScissor(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+{
+    if (renderer->m_ScissorCount >= (uint32_t)(sizeof(renderer->m_ScissorStack) / sizeof(renderer->m_ScissorStack[0])))
+    {
+        return; // Avoid overflow; future improvement could resize dynamically.
+    }
+    VkRect2D l_Rect = { 0 };
+    l_Rect.offset.x = (int32_t)command->boundingBox.x;
+    l_Rect.offset.y = (int32_t)command->boundingBox.y;
+    l_Rect.extent.width = (uint32_t)command->boundingBox.width;
+    l_Rect.extent.height = (uint32_t)command->boundingBox.height;
+    renderer->m_ScissorStack[renderer->m_ScissorCount++] = l_Rect;
+    vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &l_Rect);
+}
+
+static void ClayVulkan_PopScissor(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+{
+    if (renderer->m_ScissorCount == 0)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    renderer->m_ScissorCount--;
+    if (renderer->m_ScissorCount == 0)
+    {
+        // Fall back to a full viewport scissor. The host should have set a default scissor before calling render.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    VkRect2D l_Rect = renderer->m_ScissorStack[renderer->m_ScissorCount - 1];
+    vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &l_Rect);
+}
+
+// Rendering helpers ----------------------------------------------------------
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawRectangle(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+{
+    (void)renderer;
+    // The sample assumes a pipeline using push constants for color + corner radius and a unit quad vertex buffer.
+    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, renderer->m_RectPipeline);
+    // Future improvement: instance multiple rectangles in a single vkCmdDrawIndexed to amortize state changes.
+    vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 6, 1, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawBorder(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+{
+    (void)command;
+    // Border rendering could expand to 4 rectangles; here we rely on a shader that interprets width + corner radius from push constants.
+    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, renderer->m_RectPipeline);
+    vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 6, 1, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawImage(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+{
+    ClayVulkanTexture* l_Texture = ClayVulkan_GetTexture(&renderer->m_ResourceCache, command->id);
+    if (!l_Texture || !l_Texture->m_DescriptorSet || !l_Texture->m_ImageView || !l_Texture->m_Sampler)
+    {
+        // Ensure descriptor sets are prepared before binding; application is responsible for keeping resources live.
+        return;
+    }
+    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, renderer->m_ImagePipeline);
+    vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, renderer->m_PipelineLayout, 0, 1, &l_Texture->m_DescriptorSet, 0, NULL);
+    vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 6, 1, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawText(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+{
+    Clay_TextRenderData l_Text = command->renderData.text;
+    ClayVulkanFont* l_Font = ClayVulkan_GetFont(&renderer->m_ResourceCache, l_Text.fontId, l_Text.fontSize);
+    (void)l_Font;
+    // The host is expected to have built glyph vertices into a transient buffer before calling this renderer.
+    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, renderer->m_TextPipeline);
+    // Future improvement: bind per-font descriptor sets for font atlas textures instead of assuming a global one.
+    vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, (uint32_t)l_Text.stringContents.length * 4, 1, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static void ClayVulkan_DrawCustom(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, const Clay_RenderCommand* command, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+{
+    (void)renderer;
+    (void)command;
+    // Custom elements give the host full control. Applications can use command->renderData.custom.customData to pick pipelines.
+    // Future improvement: provide callback hooks so applications can supply their own vkCmd* sequence here.
+    (void)commandBuffer;
+}
+
+// Main entry point -----------------------------------------------------------
+void Clay_Vulkan_Render(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, Clay_RenderCommandArray renderCommands, VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+{
+    renderer->m_ActiveCommandBuffer = commandBuffer;
+    // Command traversal: the array is already z-sorted; we iterate sequentially and rely on lightweight state changes.
+    for (int32_t it_Command = 0; it_Command < renderCommands.length; ++it_Command)
+    {
+        Clay_RenderCommand* l_Command = Clay_RenderCommandArray_Get(&renderCommands, it_Command);
+        switch (l_Command->commandType)
+        {
+        case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_RECTANGLE:
+            ClayVulkan_DrawRectangle(renderer, l_Command, commandBuffer);
+            break;
+        case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_BORDER:
+            ClayVulkan_DrawBorder(renderer, l_Command, commandBuffer);
+            break;
+        case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_TEXT:
+            ClayVulkan_DrawText(renderer, l_Command, commandBuffer);
+            break;
+        case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_IMAGE:
+            ClayVulkan_DrawImage(renderer, l_Command, commandBuffer);
+            break;
+        case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_SCISSOR_START:
+            ClayVulkan_PushScissor(renderer, l_Command, commandBuffer);
+            break;
+        case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_SCISSOR_END:
+            ClayVulkan_PopScissor(renderer, commandBuffer);
+            break;
+        case CLAY_RENDER_COMMAND_TYPE_CUSTOM:
+            ClayVulkan_DrawCustom(renderer, l_Command, commandBuffer);
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Initialization helpers ----------------------------------------------------
+void Clay_VulkanRenderer_Init(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, VkDevice device, VkRenderPass renderPass, VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout)
+{
+    renderer->m_Device = device;
+    renderer->m_RenderPass = renderPass;
+    renderer->m_PipelineLayout = pipelineLayout;
+    renderer->m_RectPipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    renderer->m_TextPipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    renderer->m_ImagePipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    renderer->m_ActiveCommandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    renderer->m_ScissorCount = 0;
+
+    memset(&renderer->m_ResourceCache, 0, sizeof(renderer->m_ResourceCache));
+}
+
+void Clay_VulkanRenderer_SetPipelines(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, VkPipeline rectPipeline, VkPipeline textPipeline, VkPipeline imagePipeline)
+{
+    renderer->m_RectPipeline = rectPipeline;
+    renderer->m_TextPipeline = textPipeline;
+    renderer->m_ImagePipeline = imagePipeline;
+}
+
+// Hook into Clay's text measuring API.
+void Clay_VulkanRenderer_RegisterTextMeasure(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer)
+{
+    Clay_SetMeasureTextFunction(ClayVulkan_MeasureText, renderer);
+}
+
+// Example for populating the texture cache with externally created descriptors.
+void Clay_VulkanRenderer_RegisterTexture(ClayVulkanRenderer* renderer, uint32_t clayId, VkImageView imageView, VkSampler sampler, VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet)
+{
+    ClayVulkanTexture* l_Texture = ClayVulkan_GetTexture(&renderer->m_ResourceCache, clayId);
+    if (!l_Texture)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    l_Texture->m_ImageView = imageView;
+    l_Texture->m_Sampler = sampler;
+    l_Texture->m_DescriptorSet = descriptorSet;
+}
+
+// Future improvements -------------------------------------------------------
+// - Descriptor recycling: shrink transient allocations by pooling VkDescriptorSet objects per frame.
+// - Dynamic rendering: replace render pass dependency with vkCmdBeginRendering for more flexible swapchain formats.
+// - Batching: group adjacent rectangles or text quads into large instance draws using secondary command buffers.